Understanding SWOT Analysis

Understanding SWOT Analysis To most business and the board understudies, the SWOT (which represents Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) investigation presumably closely resembles a uninteresting academic exercise; it’s either the kind of thing educators like to cause understudies to do to ensure they’ve really read the doled out contextual analysis, or on the other hand, a decent method to cushion out a paper with a difficult word limit. However regardless of its tricky effortlessness and its age †the technique has been a staple of key arranging and the executives reading material for around 40 years †the SWOT investigation is as yet an extremely current and helpful arranging device for business, and well worth learning. What Is a SWOT Analysis? The SWOT investigation is ascribed to Dr. Andrew S. Humphrey, who built up the strategy while working at the Stanford Research Institute in the mid 1970s. SWOT can best be depicted as an ecological investigation device; it consolidates an evaluation of the company’s inside condition (Strengths and Weaknesses) with the significant outer condition (Opportunities and Threats). The SWOT ordinarily appears as a 22 lattice, which permits organizers to take a gander at all the variables simultaneously. Here is a case of a concise SWOT examination, from a vital evaluation of a pharmaceutical organization: Qualities Shortcomings Driving situation in R D spending and association Very much created nearness in worldwide markets. Offices are deliberately scattered to build research volume. Testing forms are profoundly robotized. Market reach and decent variety help moderate impacts of downturns in any one portion or market. Solid brand personality. Solid corporate obligation pictures with the activity to expand nonexclusive medication accessibility in oppressed markets. Great money related situation regarding current resources liabilities: current proportion of 1.64, and analysis proportion of 1.31. Not exactly perfect obligation risk position High expense risk of 9.46%. Momentary obligations significantly decreased in 2008, however long haul commitments correspondingly expanded. Obligation to-value proportion (at end of 2008) of 1.95. Openings Dangers Customer medical problems are open doors for new items High paces of vascular and coronary illness increment interest for medications to treat these conditions and their manifestations. Lower smoking rates increment interest for smoking-discontinuance drugs. Expanding corpulence rates increment interest for weight-control drugs. Developing markets, for instance in Asia and Africa. Government support as planned pharmaceutical cost increments from 2009 2011. Solid nonexclusive medication rivalry in set up business sectors, basically the UK and the US. Ordered nonexclusive medication accessibility arrangements in huge markets, for instance, the UK and Brazil. Expiry of licenses on some key items. Wary or incredulous appraisals from money related experts can debilitate speculator certainty. Need to know more? Go here: Five Forces Analysis Basic Success Factors Analysis Basic Analysis Writing The ADL Matrix and Gap Analysis Favorable circumstances of the SWOT Analysis: The greatest preferred position in utilizing the SWOT investigation as a fundamental vital arranging device is that it is a simple method to assemble all the essential data in a single spot; the approach behind the SWOT is to a great extent clear as crystal, and in this manner nearly everybody in the association can have contribution to it. This was the general target of Dr. Humphrey in creating it, as he was a victor of what he called â€Å"Total Action Management† (or TAM), an early conceptualization of what we know today as â€Å"flat† or â€Å"horizontal† hierarchical design, Total Quality Management (TQM), and the partner way to deal with key arranging. The SWOT investigation has a preferred position over increasingly mind boggling and point by point natural examination strategies like the PESTEL investigation since it arranges the significant components †interior or outer, fortunate or unfortunate. This can help the association all the more effectively figure out which variables need consideration. At long last, the course of action of variables can assist with distinguishing different focuses that may have been ignored; for instance, an undeniable danger from the outside condition may uncover an inside shortcoming. Impediments of the SWOT Analysis: The greatest bit of leeway of the SWOT examination †its straightforwardness †is here and there its greatest shortcoming; the investigation is just on a par with the data put into it, and if key variables are excluded, resulting vital arranging can be antagonistically influenced. Perhaps the greatest defect of SWOT investigation isn't in the instrument itself, yet in its clients, as indicated by Professor Malcolm McDonald of Oxford University, who has called the SWOT, as it is instructed in business colleges nowadays, the SWAG (which represents â€Å"Scientific Wild-Ass Guess†). The normal issue, in McDonald’s see, is that numerous shortcomings and dangers are nonexclusive and material to any organization’s condition †things like the dangers of cataclysmic event, political flimsiness, or poor worldwide financial conditions †and are in this manner not supportive in making arrangements for the particular conditions of a specific association and i ts market. The SWOT investigation is likewise not an independent apparatus. It is a powerful method to assemble and arrange data required for vital arranging, however it gives no need to the components. In the model above, for example, the different focuses are introduced in a totally arbitrary request, as they were reviewed by the supervisors assisting with building the SWOT; past organizing the components into their right places in the network, the examination without anyone else doesn't recommend which ones are the most significant. Options in contrast to the SWOT Analysis: In a normally refered to 1997 article (â€Å"SWOT Analysis: It’s Time for a Product Recall,† Long Range Planning, Vol. 30, February 1997) creators Terry Hill and Roy Westbrook contend that the SWOT examination produces insufficient outcomes so regularly †to a great extent because of the SWAG factors depicted by Professor McDonald †that it should be rejected inside and out. To make up for a portion of the method’s deficiencies, varieties of the SWOT investigation, for example, the POWER SWOT, the TOWS examination and the Defensive/Offensive Evaluation (DOE) have been created lately. These varieties add profundity and detail to the standard SWOT examination and are important devices in the key arranging tool stash. The customary SWOT investigation, in any case, stays significant for the board concentrates regardless of whether its capital as a genuine appraisal instrument might be somewhat reduced nowadays since it is the reason for further developed and complex apparatuses that followed. Understanding the SWOT not just makes it conceivable to utilize this straightforward instrument for its full potential benefit however gives an essential foundation to learning and applying progressively refined vital arranging apparatuses. offers proficient scholarly composing administrations since 2005. On the off chance that you are needing a paper on SWOT investigation, if you don't mind don't hesitate to visit our request page and our expert essayists will be glad to help.

Alfred Stieglitz's Photograph of Marcel Duchamp's Fountain Term Paper

Alfred Stieglitz's Photograph of Marcel Duchamp's Fountain - Term Paper Example The paper Alfred Stieglitz's Photograph of Marcel Duchamp's Fountain centers around examination and research about Alfred Stieglitz's photo of Marcel Duchamp's Fountain fine art. Stieglitz set the ‘Fountain’ at the viewer’s eye level, brought it close, and amplified its quality. He further turned it marginally on its pivot to set up only a bit of strain, and lit it from better than that it looks significantly secluded against its setting yet additionally hidden, grouchy and secretive. Duchamp’s ‘the Fountain’ is seen through the eyes of Albert Stieglitz. The photo is white in shading that is made of the range of hues. It is made of porcelain which is a cleaned/delicate material. Stieglitz took a standard item, gave it importance by situating it so that its valuable centrality was dominated by the upgraded one with another title and another perspective, in this manner making a totally different idea for that object. Alfred Stieglitz life travers ed from 1864 to 1946. Stieglitz was the most regarded picture taker of his time, and he battled for the acknowledgment of photography as a substantial type of workmanship. He is one of the figures who altered the American photography. Brilliant Lint thinks that its difficult to envision the bearing that photography would have taken without the contribution of Stieglitz. He was an advertiser of different people’s works, enlightening them with his photograph works. The ‘Fountain’ was brought to 291, and when it was there it was captured by Stieglitz who was significantly entertained by Duchamp’s ‘Fountain’.

Rachel was at SF Pride

Rachel was at SF Pride Hundreds of Facebookers united behind one banner and under several signs last Sunday, coming out to downtown San Francisco to support the annual Pride Parade! We werent the only techies out there this weekend on the bus there, I ran into a flock of Google interns wearing this super adorable shirt: But for the most part, our view of the rest of the parade was shadowed by the giant rainbow poop being towed along on the Whole Foods float. Much, much later, we got a closer look and realized it was actually a cupcake. Practically all of the interns managed to roll out of bed early enough for the parade, which when you think about it is really impressive. I mean, I dont even bother registering for classes that start before 11AM. Some thoughtful HR people had procured stickers and stamps for us to spam irreverently. We proceeded to arrange them in every possible tasteful configuration, and then some. Tons of bystanders came up to us and were like, OMG, I was just on Facebook! which, despite getting old quickly, was pretty cool. As for the rest, Ill let pictures speak in place of my usual verbosity.

All The Presidents Men Ap Government Paper - 1371 Words

All the Presidents Men All the presidents men begins on June 17 1972 when five burglars broke into the Democratic National headquarters, which was located at the Watergate Hotel. Most of the Newspapers disregarded the story as just another break in but Two reporters for the Washington post stuck with the story till the End. The two reporters named Carl Bernstien and Bob Woodward realized that this break in was some how involved in the up coming election but they did not know how. Their first move was to follow where the money for the break in came from. The Money led them to find a safe full of money that was to go to the Re-election of President Nixon. This Money came From the Committee to re-elect the president or CRP for sort.†¦show more content†¦He told them some of the Tactics CRP would use was the Handing out of Campaign literature written by CRP that made the Democrats look like racists. CRP would also give Democrat supporters wrong information about Rallys for the Democratic nominee and order pizzas and liquor to democratic campaign rallies. Woodward and Bernstien would later find there had been political sabotage tracing back to JFK. Woodward and Bernstein were then contacted by a reliable source named Deep Throat. Deep Throat gave them information on who had control of the money in Sloans safe. He pointed them to two high ranking official that were thought to be the masterminds of the break in and of other CRP actions of political sabotage. Their names were Bob Hadleman and John Ehrlichman. Deep throat also said the attorney general John Mitchell was also some how involved. As Woodward and Bernstien were having there articles published about Watergate the White House was denying any involvement in the Watergate break in and denying the CRP safe which held money that went to political sabotage. The White House also claimed that the post was only publishing storys that helped Democrats and never published stories about political sabotage on the republican campaign. They also claimed the post was sabotaging the republican campaign by writing these stories. An investigation into Watergate was starting and in the beginning Woodward and Bernstien hadShow MoreRelatedWhat Role Did the American Media Play in the Vietnam War1741 Words   |  7 Pagesinvolves America so, they also have the job of picking and choosing between what is most important and what is newsworthy, alongside the task of reporting news reports that will produce high enough ratings to keep their news station up and running. All American media outlets face these challenges; whether it is television media, newspaper media, or radio media. 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Analysis of Poems of Emily Elizabeth Dickinson Free Essay Example, 750 words

Emily Elizabeth Dickinson (1830-1886) is regarded as one of the greatest and most prolific American poets. During her life, she wrote an enormous number of poems, and only several of them were published. The first volume of her poetry was published only four years after her death, and this book of poems was met by critics and the audience with great success. In all her works, Dickinson experimented with imagery, form, rhyme, and language as a whole. Visual aspects of her works are also unique and very distinctive as she did not give titles to her poems and rejected rules of capitalization and punctuation. All these techniques make Dickinson s poetry stylistically complex and extraordinary and leave not a single reader and critic indifferent. There is no strict classification of works written by Emily Dickinson, taking into account that she wrote about eighteen hundred poems. Taking a look at her most famous and well-known pieces, it becomes clear that she wrote almost about everythi ng that bothered her, specifically, such universal themes as love, life, death, nature, and immortality. Although there is no consent in critics ideas, usually Emily Dickinson is regarded as a Transcendentalist (Bloom). We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Poems of Emily Elizabeth Dickinson or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Among the techniques, Emily Dickinson utilized while writing her poems is the wide use of dashes instead of commas, periods and other punctuation marks, which indicate pauses and at the same time break the meter.

Merit raises Free Essays

Discuss the problems identified with merit raises. As a manager/owner of your own company what would you do to insure that merit raises fulfilled their intended value? Merit raises are typically continued throughout time and job performance is not evaluated before they occur. Typically, employees decide on a steadily increase and see it as being unrelated to performance, but to the time put forth and loyalty to the said company. We will write a custom essay sample on Merit raises or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the most part, many do no trust management and dislike the concept of merit raises. These incentives typically become incentives for seniority and not related to how well someone does their job. Some other problems with merit raises include the availability of money may be inadequate to the employees base pay. Managers may also have no guidance in how to define a rate increase and/or how to measure performance to determine future increases. There may be a lack of honesty and belief in trust between employees and managers because of these situations. Any deficiencies involved wiht a performance rate program may not allow this to work in a positive fashion. Organizations such as Boeing, Timex, and Westinghouse have implemented a lump-sum merit program. Employyes with this program receive a single lump-sum increase at the time of their review, not added to their salary, more bonus related. Unless management takes any further action, their salary stays the same until a promotion is offered to them. This allows management to control finances more efficiently. This can be done yearly or several times a year. Ultimately, I believe an evaluation program would need to be implemented in order to create a fair pay scale raise. I would implement ways to evaluate current tasks, success within these tasks, problem-solving and effectiveness in one’s job, and also look for employees who go above and beyond their expectations. All of these issues would be evaluated in order to create a positive, but appealing pay scale increase for employees. This would create a more fair work setting and would allow employees to feel more positive about their job and accomplishing what their responsibilities are. How to cite Merit raises, Essay examples

Strategic Leadership Style and Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Leadership Style and Management. Answer: Introduction The leadership style inspires, motivates and helps the people to identify a proper guideline in the direction. The leaders in different fields like business and politics often execute various leadership styles. There are various styles of leadership likely the authoritarian, democratic and laissez faire. There are various strengths related to the democratic style of leadership. These strengths include the decision making process that allows the employees to feel inclined towards the obligation. Often the people who are under the democratic leader, participate in the decision making process (Herrmann and Felfe 2014). A drawback can be drawn that is the leader struggles to make a decision quick and employees may be unavailable as well. Hence, their followers may not likely accept the decisions taken by the leader. The authoritarian style refers to the leader holding the power alone. Often the leader does not discuss it with their followers and hence they suffer a setback. The benefit of this style lies in the fact that the leader takes the responsibility alone even in severe crisis; circumstances led the team in a successful way. Right amount of resources and tools are confined to the hands of a person that the leader decides in the laissez faire style. The only benefit that can be gathered is when the group is highly talented and motivated to work alone. This cannot be applied in circumstances where the group is not highly experienced and the deadlines can be missed (Renko et al. 2015). Conclusion From the above report, a brief knowledge about the leadership styles can be deduced. The limitations along with the pros and the cons of the styles have also been discussed that eventually will highlight which style is required in what position. References Herrmann, D. and Felfe, J., 2014. Effects of leadership style, creativity technique and personal initiative on employee creativity.British Journal of Management,25(2), pp.209-227. Renko, M., El Tarabishy, A., Carsrud, A.L. and Brnnback, M., 2015. Understanding and measuring entrepreneurial leadership style.Journal of Small Business Management,53(1), pp.54-74.

Oedipus The King Essays (500 words) - Oedipus The King, Oedipus

Oedipus The King Oedipus the King: Appetite for Destruction Of all the tragedies that Greek playwright Sophocles created in his illustrious career, the one that stands out as his masterpiece, and quite possibly one of the greatest of all the Greek tragedies is Oedipus the King. The tragedy focuses on the life and downfall of the unfortunate King Oedipus, who was condemned by the oracle at an early age to murder his father and marry his mother. Despite the oracle's grim prediction, Oedipus was responsible for his own downfall due to his overly proud and impetuous attitude, and his own intellect and diligence. In the polis of Thebes, Oedipus was the not only the king but he was also the hero of the community. The security and health of the community depended on him and he was expected to meet every urgent crisis with a plausible solution. He was celebrated for acting decisively and making decisions and then acting on them. With all his past accomplishments and achievements, Oedipus developed a strong sense of confidence, which fueled his over inflated ego. Unfortunately, when circumstances did not turn out in his favor, such as in his conflict with Tiresias the blind prophet, Oedipus became rigid and refused to see the problem on any one else's terms except his own. Oedipus only wanted things to go the way he thought they should go. Whatever stood in his way he tried to overcome publicly and without any compromise from the opposing party, which was illustrated in his argument in front of the palace with Creon over the murder of the former King Laius. Ultimately his attitude of confidence w ith no compromises contributed to his disastrous and sad end. In most cases, intelligence and diligence are valuable traits to possess, but for Oedipus they contributed to his eventual downfall. Oedipus was known for being extremely intelligent and was very talented at solving riddles. To earn the right to be King of Thebes, Oedipus solved a riddle, which as a result removed a plague from the land. In the play, Oedipus is again faced with another plague in his kingdom and this time the riddle was to discover who murdered King Laius. Using his intelligence, he again solves the riddle, but tragically for Oedipus he discovers that he is the murderer and he ultimately has to punish himself for the crime. Throughout his search all the people around him were urging him to use caution in his search, and even his wife Jocasta ordered him to abandon his quest, citing that the oracle was mistaken and was a hoax. Tragically, Oedipus would not compromise and he continued his search until finall y his diligence in his quest led to his downfall. Oedipus was a confident and intelligent king who worked hard for the people and would stop at nothing to save his beloved Thebes and the people who resided there. Ironically, it was those respectable traits that ultimately contributed to Oedipus bringing his downfall upon himself. Theater Essays

The Experience of the Black and Minority ethnic group (BME) community in accessing mental health services The WritePass Journal

The Experience of the Black and Minority ethnic group (BME) community in accessing mental health services Literature Review The Experience of the Black and Minority ethnic group (BME) community in accessing mental health services from:   www.audit-commission.gov.uk/reports/NATIONAL-REPORT.asp?CategoryID=ProdID=EA59CF1B-0157-4cdb-BCA5-D9579C4DBFE5 Belliapa, J. (1991). Illness or Distress? Alternative Models of Mental Health, London: Confederation of Indian Organisations. Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) Positive Practice Guide (2009), Improving Access to Psychological Therapies, January (2009). Bowes, A., Dar, N., and Srivastava, A. (2000). Family Support and Community Care: A Study of South Asian Older People. Scottish Executive: Central Research Unit, Edinburgh. Bowl, R. (2007). Responding to ethnic diversity: black service users’ views of mental health services in the UK. Diversity in Health and Social Care, 4(3), 201-210. Bradby, H. (2010). Institutional Racism in Mental Health Services: The consequences of compromised conceptualization. Sociological Research Online, 15, 8. Burke, A. W. (1984).  Racism and psychological disturbance among west Indians in Britain.  International Journal of Social Psychiatry,  30,  50  -68. Caught between Stigma (2005). Black and minority ethnic communities and mental well-being in Kensington Chelsea and Westminster. Recommendations for improved service delivery and partnership with local communities. A report by the BME Health Forum and the Migrant Refugee Communities’ Forum, January 2005. Chakraborty, A., McKenzie, K. and King, M. (2002). Discrimination, ethnicity and psychosis – qualitative study. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. Chamba, R., Ahmad, W. Jones, L. (1998). Improving Services for Asian Deaf Children, Bristol: Policy Press. Chandler-Oatts, J., and Nelstrop, L. (2008). Listening to the voices of African-Caribbean mental health service users to develop guideline recommendations on managing violent behaviour. Diversity in Health and asocial Care, 5(1), 31-41. Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection, 2005, Count me in, Results of a national census of inpatients in mental health hospitals and facilities in England and Wales, November 05. Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. Am Psychol, 59, 614-625. Department of Health (2005). Delivering Race Equality in Mental Health Care: An Action Plan for Reform Inside and Outside Services and The Government’s Response to the Independent Inquiry in to the Death of David Bennett. London: DH. Desai, S. (2006). Accounting for difference: analysis of nine murder inquiry reports involving black people with mental health problems, Diversity in Health and Social Care, 3(3), 203-210. Edge, D. (2011). ‘It’s leaflet, leaflet, leaflet then, ‘see you later’: black Caribbean women’s perceptions of perinatal mental health care’. British Journal of General Practice, 61(585), 256-262. Fearon et al. (2006) Incidence of Schizophrenia and other Psychoses in Ethnic Minority Groups: Results from the MRC AESOP Study. Psychological Medicine, 36(11), 1541-1550. Fernando, S. (1984). Racism as a cause of depression. International Journal of Social Psychiatry,  30,  41  -49. Harrison, G. (2002). ‘Ethnic minorities and the Mental Health Act’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 198-199. Hastings, R., Sjà ¶strà ¶m, K. Stevenage, S. (1998). Swedish and English adolescents’ attitudes toward the community presence of people with LD. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 314. Hatton, C., Azmi, S., Emerson E. And Caine, A. (1997). Researching the needs of South Asian people with learning difficulties and their families, Mental Health Care, 1, 91-94. Jervis, M. (1987). Across the cultural divide. Mental Handicap Bulletin 65, 10. Kirkbride, J. B., et al. (2008). Psychoses, ethnicity and socio-economic status. British Journal of Psychiatry, 19(1), 18-24. Link, B. G., Phelan, J.C. Bresnahan, M. (1999). Public conceptions of mental illness: labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1328-1333. MacPherson, W. (1999) The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: report of an inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of Cluny. London. Home Office, 4262-I. Obtained 26 July 2012 from: archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm42/4262/4262.htm McKenzie, K. and Bhui, K. (2007). Institutional Racism in Psychiatry. Psychiatric Bulletin, 31, 397. McLeod, M., Owen, and Khamis, C. (2001). Black and minority ethnic voluntary and community organizations: their role and future development in England and Wales, Policy Studies Institute, London. McGrother, C. W., Bhaumik, S., Thorp., C. F., Watson, J. M. Taub, N. A. (2002). Prevalence, morbidity and service need among South Asian and White adults with intellectual disability in Leicestershire, UK. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 46, 299-309. Mhemooda, M. (2011) Enjoy, achieve and be healthy : the mental health of black and minority ethnic children and young people. Africa Trust, London. Modood, T., Berthoud, R., Lakey, J., et al (1997). Ethnic Minorities in Britain: Diversity and Disadvantage. London: Policy Studies Institute. Nazroo, J. (1997)  Ethnicity and Mental Health. London: Policy Studies Institute. Netto, G. (2006). Creating a suitable space: a qualitative study of the cultural sensitivity of counselling provision in the voluntary sector in the UK. Journal of Mental Health, 15(5), 593-604. Neeleman, J., Mak, V. Wessely, S. (1997)  Suicide by age, ethnic group, coroners verdict and country of birth. A three-year survey in inner London.  British Journal of Psychiatry,  171,  463  -467. Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire Strategic Health Authority (2003). Independent Inquiry into the death of David Bennett. Cambridge: Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire SHA. O’Hara, J. (2003). Learning disabilities and ethnicity: achieving cultural competence. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 9, 166-176. Oommen, G, et al. (2009). Ageing, ethnicity and psychiatric services. Psychiatric Bulletin, 33(1), 30-34. Patel, K., and Heginbotham, C. (2007). Institutional racism in mental health does not imply racism in individual psychiatrist. Psychiatric Bulletin, 31, 367-368. Real Voices (2003) Survey findings from a series of community consultation events involving Black and Minority Ethnic groups in England, Department of Health. Retrieved July 27, 2012 from: lincoln.ac.uk/ccawi/esc/esc_web/assets/pdfs/mod5-realVoices.pdf Rethink (2007) Our voice: the Pakistani community’s view of mental health and mental health services in Birmingham: report from the Aap Ki Awaaz project, Care Services Improvement Partnership. Rimmerman, A. (1998). Factors relating to attitudes of Israeli corporate executives toward the employability of persons with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental, 23, 245-254. Sasidharan, S.P. (2003)  Inside Outside: Improving mental health services for black and minority ethnic communities in England.  London: Department of Health. Singh, S. P. (2007). Institutional racism in psychiatry: lessons from inquiries. Psychiatric Bulletin, 31. Soteri, A. (2002). Funding in London Women’s Organisations: A First Report. Centre for Institutional Studies, University of East London, Working Paper. Yee, L., and Mussenden, B. (2000). Best Value for Black Communities. Race on the Agenda, London.

Definitional argument-euthanasia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Definitional argument-euthanasia - Term Paper Example As a result, their meanings become changed, and they are used more frequently in these new contexts. One example of such a concept is that of euthanasia, which has been used negatively for decades in association with Hitler’s Germany. The negative connotations of euthanasia follow the term unjustly, even today as the practice the word refers to becomes more accepted in throughout the world. By looking at some definitions of euthanasia given by others, we can perhaps formulate what is perhaps the most inclusive understanding at the concept. Definitions of euthanasia often depend upon the political and ethical assumptions underlying them. One can choose a staunchly conservative ethical view that emerges out of a Christian ethical system and oppose euthanasia categorically as wrong. Or one can adopt a more liberal stance and view euthanasia as a matter of choice among individuals whether to live or die, which seems to emerge from a utilitarian ethical perspective. Former Surgeon General of the United States C. Everett Koop represents the conservative Christian side of the spectrum in a definition of euthanasia that characterizes it as the ending of a life which is perceived to be devoid of value (Koop). The liberal, or utilitarian, perspective might direct us to a lighter view of the practice, one intimately connected with utility. That definition might be read like: the ending of a life in order to maximize a sufferer’s happiness and minimize suffering (LeBaron). On this view, we engage in euthanasia as a means o f alleviating suffering and as a service to the sufferer’s individual right to choose how one lives or dies. Less politically- or ethically-centric views of euthanasia direct us toward more neutral definitions of the practice. Philosopher Philippa Foot, for instance, wants us to move away from standard dictionary denotations of the word (â€Å"a quiet and easy death†) that she finds

Guest Worker Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Guest Worker Program - Essay Example It contains no stipulations for either a new temporary worker program or citizenship (Espo, 2006). The proposed Senate legislation allocates additional funds to better enhance border security, provides for a ‘guest worker’ program and gives an estimated 10 million immigrants amnesty by putting those who are currently in the country illegally on the fast track to citizenship. Sen. Jeff Sessions, R-Ala. was skeptical about the legislation saying, â€Å"This bill will not secure our borders† (Kiely, 2006). The complaint regarding the guest worker program is that it is, in effect, amnesty. It has been estimated that the added cost to the federal government will be in excess of $15 billion per year when the present illegal aliens, working legally in the U.S., put a drain on the health care then when they eventually become citizens, will begin collecting welfare benefits. The highly debated immigration bill, endorsed by both the Senate and the Bush administration, would have added greatly to this number because it will encourage a new surge of low skilled workers through its guest worker program. Traditionally, immigrants to the U.S. were less likely than those born in America to collect welfare. This historic arrangement has radically changed over the past three decades. Today, immigrant families are at least 50 percent more likely to receive federal benefits than those born in this country. Additionally, immigrants are more likely to adapt their lives to rely on the welfare system and studies have shown the longer immi ­grants stay in the U.S., the more likely they are to be on welfare. To further aggravate the situation, when an illegal immigrant becomes a citizen, he can legally bring his parents who also have the right to become citi ­zens. The estimated long-term cost of overall federal benefits could exceed $50 billion per year for the parents of the 10 million beneficiaries of

Data Stream Classification Of Red And White Wines Marketing Essay

Data Stream Classification Of Red And White Wines Marketing Essay Introduction Well we got 2 data sets to analysis using SPSS PASW 1) Wine Quality Data Set and 2) The Poker Hand Data Set. We can do this using CRISP methodology. Let us look what is CRISP by wikipedia CRISP-DM stands for Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining It is a data mining process model that describes commonly used approaches that expert data miners use to tackle problems. PASW Modeler is a data mining workbench that enables you to quickly develop predictive models using business expertise and deploy them into business operations to improve decision making. Designed around the industry-standard CRISP-DM model, IBM SPSS PASW Modeler supports the entire data mining process, from data to better business results. CRISP DM, Clementines own lightweight methodology of 5 stages Business Understanding, Data Understanding, Data Preparation Modelling, Evaluation and Deployment. CRISP Methodology Business Understanding: Understanding the project requirements objectives from a business perspective, and then converting this knowledge into a data mining problem definition Data understanding In this step following activities are going on, Data understanding, Collecting Initial Data then describing Data, Exploring Data and lastly verifying Data Quality The data preparation phase Tasks include table, record, and attribute selection as well as transformation and cleaning of data for modeling tools.Cleaning Data using appropriate cleaning and cleansing strategies then Integrating Data into a single point. Modeling: Selection and application of various modeling techniques done in this phase, and their parameters are adjusted to optimal values. Basically, there are more than one technique for the same data mining problem type. Some techniques have specific requirements on the form of data. Therefore, stepping back to the data preparation phase is often needed. Steps consist of Generating a Test Design, Building the Models assessing the Model Evaluation Building of model (or models) takes place in this phase. Before proceeding to final deployment of the model, it is important to more thoroughly evaluate the model, and review the steps executed to construct the model. Deployment In the final stage Knowledge gained is organized presented so that an end user can easily use it. As per the requirements this can be a report or a complex data mining process. Normally Customers carry out the deployment step Wine quality data set Wine quality is modeled under classification and regression approaches, which preserves the order of the grades. Explanatory knowledge is given in terms of a sensitivity analysis, which measures the response changes when a given input variable is varied through its domain The red wine data set contains 1600 samples out of which I have selected 200 random samples and doing the analysis(Data mining cannot discover patterns that may be present in the larger body of data if those patterns are not present in the sample being mined ) .So I selected the data set bearing in mind. The data set I have selected has high confidence. With measurements of 13 chemical constituents (e.g. alcohol, Mg) and the goal is to find the quality of red and white wine. Input variables 1 fixed acidity 2 volatile acidity 3 citric acid 4 residual sugar 5 chlorides 6 free sulphur dioxide 7 total sulfur dioxide 8 density 9 pH 10 sulphates 11 alcohol Output variable is quality (score between 0 and 10) CRISP methodology has been followed through out the phase .By checking the web site and resources learned about the wine domain .the next step was to check whether incorrect, missing or abnormal values in the data set end ensure the data quality. Data quality of the data set is very good. PASW Data stream classification of red and white wines Classification for Red and White wine 2 data sets red wine and white wine have been imported using variable file nodes Use of type node here is to describe the characteristics of data. . The Classification and Regression (CR) Tree node is a tree-based classification and prediction method. Similar to C5.0, this method uses recursive partitioning to split the training records into segments with similar output field values. The CR Tree node starts by examining the input fields to find the best split, measured by the reduction in an impurity index that results from the split. The split defines two subgroups, each of which is subsequently split into two more subgroups, and so on, until one of the stopping criteria is triggered. All splits are binary (only two subgroups) Red Wines variable importance White wine variable importance From variable importance diagram we can say that important attribute to determine Red wine quality is pH. The variable importance is in the order pH, citric acid, chloride as shown in the figure1. But for determining White wines quality the most contributing attribute is chloride and 2nd attribute is Alcohol. Decision Tree Model of white wine (only a portion) Analysis and conclusion The above generated tree consists of nodes and its children. The top node represent the total number of wine samples and how many number belongs to different categories(1 to 9).The first split is on chloride. This implies that most of the wine belongs to chloride level0.041.We see that good quality wine has chloride level It has been found from count Vs Quality graph that how many belongs to good quality categories. Alcoholic concentration of white wine samples is more than that of red wine sample. Good wines normally have high concentration. So we can conclude that White wine samples are good. In the white wine chloride level is normally high that implies it has got good Aroma. Where as in red wine the citric level is between particular levels that shows the red wine is very tasty!! PASW has got a number of 2-D and 3-D charts like bar, pie, histogram, scatter etc for time being I am using linear graph and 3-d scatter graph. You can use any of the graph as per the requirements. Some graphs are easy to interpret .Let us consider a 2-D graph between most contributing variable pH and quality from the graph it is clear that the relation ship between pH and quality is in such a way that if pH is in between 3.23 and 3.27 quality is good. Quality is very low for 3.38 and 3.50.We can plot similar graph between quality and citric acid or towards what ever contributing variable then find out the relation ship between them 2-D graph represent the relation ship between quality and pH of Red wine Let us plot a graph between chloride and Quality for the white wine. In the below figure it shows the quality is very good when chloride level below 0.036.And quality in the range 5 to 6 when chloride level is above .048. Like this if plot a graph between quality and alcohol we will see the quality is too good if alcoholic concentration in between 12.5 and 13(as per the sample I have analyzed) 3D graph which shows the relation ship between alcohol, quality and chloride level of white wine from the 2d analysis it was shown how the quality is being affected by single variable. If the one variable does not tell about how quality being related we can check relation ship between 3 variables using a 3d graph. It is having 3 axes. How Regression is useful In this multiple regression ,Predictors such as (Constant), alcohol, fixed acidity, residual sugar, chlorides, volatile acidity, free sulfur dioxide, sulphates, pH, total sulfur dioxide, citric acid, density determine the value of quality. Below gave a Pasw stream for regression. As per the variable importance graph volatile acidity, total SO2 and alcohol are most important variables in Regression analysis. Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .792(a) .626 .474 .542 Each by changing the independent variables value we can get value of dependent variable quality. With the help of a hypothesis we need to understand and build a relation ship among the variables. To predict the mean quality value for a given independent variable (say volatile acidity) we need a line which passes between the mean value of both quality and volatile acidity and which minimize the sum of distance between each of the points and predictive line. This fits into a line. The Poker Hand Data Set Each record is an example of a hand consisting of five playing cards drawn from a standard deck of 52. Each card is described using two attributes (suit and rank), for a total of 10 predictive attributes. There is one Class attribute that describes the Poker Hand. The order of cards is important and there are 480 possible Royal Flush hands. Below discussing about how to determine poker hands using data mining. I am considering classification only. If we consider clustering/Regression it does not make any sense PASW MODEL CLASSIFICATION USING CRT ALGORITHAM We got training and testing data set .First applying a model on training data set. Source file is a Comma separated file (CSV) with 1 million rows. It is difficult to do analyse on this input data set so selected sample data set and doing the analysis. Problem faced The given source data was not in a meaning full format so I have given meaningful attribute name and Values by using Vlookup function in MS excel, now the data has become more meaning full and it looks like below. Data cleansing is very important and comes under data preparation phase of the methodology Accuracy of predictive model The accuracy of predictive model is checked by analysis node. It has been found that accuracy is 90%. Using the Algorithm need to predict any of these: 0: Nothing in hand; 1: One pair;2: Two pairs;3: Three of a kind;4: Straight;5: Flush; 6: Full house;7: Four of a kind;8: Straight flush;9: Royal flush; Pocker hands variable importance diagram Let me say what did I understood from the diagram. Rank2 (rank of card2) is most contributing variable to predict poker hands. It is clear that Rank of 1st, 4th and 2nd cards are more contributing than suit of those cards. The different section of pie chart represents number of cards in a particular poker category. Blue represents No Poker; Red represents ONE PAIR, Green represent Royal flesh How Pasw helps to do classification Pasw has got number tree constructing algorithms(CR, c5.0) to do classification. I considered Classification and Regression (CR) though this is not a time efficient algorithm time complexity is more when compared to c5.0)I selected CR.The data set I have got is simple one and I am not considering the deep analysis all I need to do is to predict poker hands so CR can do it. Below shows the constructed tree using CR (Ashort description of tree already given above) Analysis Data has been classified into Training set and Testing set .Here most of the data set into a training set and small portion of data is used for testing.After a model has been processed by using the Training set, we can test the model by making predictions against the Test set. Since the data in the training set already contains known values for the attribute that you want to predict. Below giving the portion of training set being used. Integrating classification and association rule mining can produce more efficient and accurate classifiers.Here each row is an instance Trial: pair of 5 attributes (SUIT and RANK) + classification class. So this can be used to predict the classification of other unclassified instances. consider the training set given below suit1 rank1 suit2 rank2 suit3 rank3 suit4 rank4 suit5 Rank5 poker Heart ASS heart KING spades 4 Spades 3 heart QUEEN Nothing in hand Diamonds QUEEN diamonds 2 diamonds JACK Clubs 5 spades 5 ONE PAIR Hearts 10 hearts jack hearts king Hearts queen hearts 1 royal flesh Spades Jack spades king spades 10 Spades queen spades 1 royal flesh Diamond queen diamond jack diamond king diamond 10 diamond 1 royal flesh Hearts 5 diamond king spades king spades 7 clubs 5 two pairs Hearts 4 hearts 1 hearts 3 diamond 5 diamond 2 straight Suppose want to predict below hand is what type of Poker hand? suit1 rank1 suit2 rank2 suit3 rank3 suit4 rank4 suit5 rank5 poker Club 10 club jack club A club king club queen From the training set data the testing set is predicted, answer is Royal Flesh Conclusion Two data sets the wine and poker have been analysed using CRISP methodology and using the tool IBM SPSS PASW, used different modelling techniques which suits. Analysed the knowledge elicited by each model DATA MINING KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY IN MARKETING (PART 2) Abstract Now-a-days Using the high power computing and information technology enables to collect store and process complex Marketing data. Data mining is used to extract knowledge from this marketing data. This report discuss about Data mining process, short discussion about different mining techniques such as classification tree, neural network, Regression and their application in marketing domain. My report Also cover different type of analyzes and tasks being used Introduction From the given topics I have selected the topic Data mining and Knowledge discovery for marketing since my cup of tea is Business and computing. I would always like to do research in Business analytics .Well let us look at what is data mining Data mining is the process of discovery of interesting, meaningful and actionable patterns hidden in large amounts of data . This is one of the tools to transform data into information. It is widely used in almost all fields of science and business profiling practice such as marketing, fraud detection, and scientific discovery. The technique to uncover pattern on data can also apply on sample data .so the sample data should be so the sample should be a good representative of larger data set. data mining can not find out the pattern which may be present in larger body of data and not contains in the small sub set of data. So this is very useful when sufficiently represented data are collected Most well known branches of data mining is knowledge discovery or KDD It derives knowledge from input data .This knowledge which have got from the process will become additional data and can be used for further discovery in related field normally an analyst can analysis and predict it.DM can generate thousands of pattern but all these patterns are not interested and useful. In this I am considering Data mining in a marketing field prospective. The data coming from different sources like transactions, loyalty cards, and discount coupons; customer complaint calls public life style studies using this data we can make Target marketing like to identify appropriate customer segments for new marketing initiatives determine customer purchasing pattern over time associations/co-relations between product sales, predict based on such association I mean cross market analysis what type of customer buys what type of product that is customer profiling Predict likelihood of customer churn and target those likely to leave with retention campaigns Customer requirement analysis like Identify the best products for different groups of customers and Predict what factors will attract new customers Provision of summary information such as Multidimensional summary reports and Statistical summary information (data central tendency and variation) Another question is why can not we go for a traditional data analysis instead of data mining? Answer is the field like marketing has tremendous Amount of data and it has multi dimension and complexity.A Marketing firm would likely to segment their customers into similar groups or clusters in order to better understand consumer behavior and more effectively market their products. In the past for a small business initiatives did not have trouble to understand their customers. They knew what they have to do once a customer approach them .Todays business is more competitive, more customer oriented, more products oriented so it is very difficult to understand the customer behavior, wants, needs the hidden relation ship between the data and preferences. With the help of data mining an analyst can deliver timely, personalized promotional offers. 1 Knowledge Discovery (KDD) Process S2 S1 S3 Data Cleaning Data Integration Databases Data Warehouse Knowledge Task-relevant Data Selection Data Mining Pattern Evaluation Normally in the huge DWH data mining environment data coming from various sources integrated and put it in data warehousing. Various data mining soft wares like teradata intelligent miners are used to mine Tera bytes of data and find market prediction. As I mentioned the DM is a Tools for developing predictive and descriptive models. Some are statistical method such as regression. Other use non statistical method like neural networks, classification trees. Here I considered some important tools then their How Classification trees are being used in marketing data mining Classification tree partition the data to maximize the difference in the dependent variable. it is also called a decision tree. Aim of classification tree is to classify the data into distinct groups or branches that create the strongest separation in the values of the dependent variables.The tree can identify segments. This can be helpful when a company is trying to understand what is driving market behavior. It detects nonlinear relationship. Mailed 10000 2.6% Male 4677 3.2% Female 2.15 2.1 % 1.7%  £30-45 3.6% > £45 4.1% Age>40 4.3% Age 0.7% Box shows resp rate in percentage The tree growth is through series of steps and rules .say for example sales pieces were mailed to 100000 names and yielded a response rate of 2.6%.the first split is on gender. This indicates that greatest difference between responders and non responders is gender. We see that males are much more responsive than females. We would consider males the better target group If we stop after one split. Our goal is to find out group with in both genders that discriminates between responders and non responders. In the next level split male and female groups are considered separately The second level split from the male node is on income, this implies that the income level varies in most between responders and non responders among the males. For female greatest difference is among the age group .It is very easy to identify the group with the highest response rate. Lets say that management decides to mail only to groups where the response rate is more than 3.5%.the offers would be directed to males who makes more than  £30000 a year and female over age 40 Some typical Classification tree Algorithms are 1) C4.5: Quinlan, J. R. C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning. Morgan Kaufmann., 1993. 2) CART: L. Breiman, J. Friedman, R. Olshen, and C. Stone. Classification and Regression Trees. Wadsworth, 1984 Linear regression and its applicability in marketing Knowledge of deviation from normal is very important for a marketer. In the past such deviations were very difficult to detect. Now-a-days data mining tools give great flexibility to detect and classify these changes. It is a statistical technique that quantifies the relationship between dependent variable and the independent variable, these are continuous. Consider the below equation, it shows a relation ship between sales and advertising along the regression equation .Our goal is to predict the sales based on the amount spend on advt. Plot a graph sales vs. advt that would be linear. A key measure of the strength of the relationship is the R-square. It measures the amount of overall variation in data that explained by the model. More than 70% Of the variation in sales can be explained by variation in advertising. Some times the relationship between sales and Advt is non linear (may be curvilinear) .By using the square root of advertising we are able to find better fit for the data. Sales=17.813+.0897*Advertising  £120  £1,503  £160  £1,755  £205  £2,971  £210  £1,682  £225  £3,497  £230  £1,998  £290  £4,598  £315  £2,937  £375  £3,622  £390  £4,402  £440  £3,844  £475  £4,470  £490  £5,492MINIMIZE SQUARED ERROR Advt sales ADVEGRTISIN -Æ’Â   x axis When building targeting models for marketing, risk and CRM, it is common to have much predictive variable. Using multiple predictive or independent continuous variables to predict a single continuous variable is called multiple linear regression .Targeting model created using linear regression is generally very robust. In marketing they can be used alone or in combination with other model. Neural Networks and its applicability in marketing Neural network does not follow any statistical distribution (Neural network is very vast topic a complete discussion is beyond the scope of this report) .it is modeled after the function of the human brain. The process is one of pattern recognition and error minimization. we can say it as nodes that are arranged in layers. The figure tells simple neural network with one hidden layer. Data has been classified into training and testing set (before the process).Then weight or input is assigned to each of the nodes in the first layer. During each iteration ,the input are processed through the system and compared to the actual value .the error is measured and fed back through the system to adjust the weights. The weights get better at predicting the actual results. A error limit is defined and it check with the error limit the process finishes when the minimum error limit reached One specific type of neural network commonly used in marketing uses sigmoidal functions to fit each node. This technique is very powerful in fitting a binary or twoilevel outcome such as response to an offer or a default on a loan Neural network not only pick linear data but also do a good pick up with non linear relation ship in the data. So this allows fitting data which is not possible to fit using regression. One disadvantage we can say that the result of neural net work is some what difficult to interpret A brief description on how Clustering can applicable in data mining Cluster analysis Cluster analysis group respondents with similar behaviors, preferences, or characteristics into segments. By doing so we can understand important similarities and differences between the respondents. Analyst can use this information to develop targeted marketing strategies, or to provide subgroups for analysis. In market survey data, clustering enables market researchers to group respondents who provide similar responses on several questions. In Clustering we use more than one variable that analyzes responses to several questions in order to find similar respondents. Clustering is based on the concept of creating groups based on their proximity to, or distance from, each other. Respondents within a cluster, therefore, are relatively homogenous. Most widely used Algorithms are 1)K-Means: MacQueen, J. B., Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations, in Proc. 5th Berkeley Symp. Mathematical Statistics and Probability, 1967 2) BIRCH: Zhang, T., Ramakrishna, R., and Livny, M. 1996. BIRCH: an efficient data clustering method for very large databases. In SIGMOD 96 Let us look at some more major areas of application of data mining in the marketing like Customer profiling, Deviation analysis and Trend analysis. The pattern which formed after mining the data helps in analytics. Customer profiling This help to predict several marketing decision. A customer profile is a model of customer based on this marketer decides on the right strategies and tactics to meet the needs of that customer .The data mining task used in customer profiling can be dependency analysis, class identification and concept description. Below giving set of transaction that can help marketer to construct useful customer profiles. Frequency of purchases Marketing firm can build targeted promotion offer such as frequent buyer programs by looking how often their customer purchases product from their shop. Rcency of purchases The meaning of term is How long has it been since this customer last placed an order? Suppose a customer frequently visit the shop.It has been found that the specific customer or customer group not visiting the firm over long period of time .Market investigate the reason. By knowing this they can take appropriate offer or action. Size of purchases It tells, on a particular transaction how much he or she spends. This information helps to give resources to those customer groups. Identifying typical customer groups It gives characteristics of each group .For example a profile indicating that the customer has purchased a WINDOWS 7 SOFTWARE CD may hold to the marketer offering a special deal for MICROSOFT OFFICE SOFTWARE CD. Prospecting Customer profiles like buying patterns, give clues to the marketer on prospective customers. Say for example, consider the pattern Purchase of Norton Anti Virus package with one year validity is followed by purchase of Norton Up gradation version /or new version within 11 months about 85% of the time by high income customers discovered by data mining. Analyst who analysis pattern can identify the prospective customers for Upgraded/new version based on first time purchase details and tailor the mail catalog accordingly, thus, increasing the prospect of sales. 2 Deviation analysis Deviation analysis is one of the important analysis for example a higher than normal credit purchase on a credit card can be a fraud anomaly or a genuine purchase by the customer changes.Once a deviation has been discovered as a fraud, the marketer takes appropriate steps to prevent such frauds and initiates corrective action.If the deviation has been discovered as a change, further information collection is necessary. For example, a change can be that a customer got a new job and moved to a new house. In this case, the marketer has to update the knowledge about the customer. 3) Trend analysis Trends are patterns that persist over a period of time. Trends could be short-term trends like the immediate increase and subsequent slow decrease of sales following a sales campaign. Or, trends could be long-term, like the slow flattening of sales of a product over a few years. Data mining tools, such as visualization, help us detect trends, sometimes very subtle and hidden in the database, which would have been missed using traditional analysis tools like scatter plots. In marketing decisions, trends can be used for evaluating marketing programs or to forecast future sales. Data mining task in marketing data mining domain These tasks present in all data mining process we are just looking it into marketing prospective Dependency analysis Data Visualization Class identification Deviation Detection Concept Description Dependency analysis The market basket analysis gives the relationship between different product purchased by a customer .Using this techniques we can develop marketing strategy for promoting product that have dependency relationship in customers mind. Class identification It groups customers into classes which are defined in advance. Mathematical taxonomy and clustering are being used for class identification task. What the first one does is it maximizes the similarity with in classes but minimize similarity between classes. In clustering approach it determine the clustering according to attribute similarity as well as conceptual cohesiveness as defined by domain knowledge (describe above). A company doing business over the net, based on the session log data of internet users, the firm can classify the web users into email only users Surfers or Just for fun Surfer etc Concept description Comparison analysis will be done using statistical techniques. Using this we can compare marketing and customer knowledge. Deviation detection This helps us to determine the anomaly and changes. We can find the anomaly from various statistical techniques. This is already being explained above. Data visualization This kind of softwares allows the market research team or concerned people to view complex 3-D and 2-D patterns. They also provide drill down drill up slice facilities. In the KDD (knowledge discovery from data base) process, data visualization is used in association with other tasks such as dependency analysis, class identification, deviation detection and clustering. IBM SPSS PASW has got good data visualization techniques. Some of them are explained in Part 1 of the report. Conclusion Report discussed about Data mining process,

Apple Case Study

Please divide Apple's history into periods and trace the changes in business models that took place over these periods. Apple history is explained in the case history from 1972 – 2006. Apples history is described below, reflecting on the changes In Business Model (how the company generated revenue). The Beginning years, 1976 – 1 985: Apple was founded In 1976 and they built a computer circuit board named the Apple l. Within span of 4 years they went to PIP with the help of Venture capitalist Markup, Jar. Its original business model was based on selling a computer that could e used straight out of the box with a closed platform.In 1981 IBM introduced a Microsoft's DOS operating system and it's an open system and easily cloned, whilst a lack of compatible software on Macintosh (Mac) made net income fall 17%. Steve Jobs was removed from his operational role by the board. Jobs left Apple to find a new company NeXT. The sculls years, 1985-1993: In 1985 John Sculls was appoin ted as CEO. Sculls was an operations and marketing expert from Pepsi. Scull's strategy was focused on taking Apple into the corporate world, which he did successfully, making Apple a well-known brand name.During the Sculls years Apple was able to monopolize on the â€Å"love affair† for Macs by selling at a premium. In 1990 Sculls changed the business model to sell their computers at lower prices to get more market share, while also delivering new ‘hit products' every 6-12 months. Apple embarked on a Joint venture with MOM to create a new operating model, multimedia applications, etc. Sculls also reduced headcount by 10% and moved much of the manufacturing to contractors. Sculls also made himself Technology officer despite having no skills In this area.He was then relinquished of his duties In 1993. The spindled years, 1993 – 1995: Spindled was an engineer and had successfully headed Apple Europe and changed the business model once more to focus on education and publishing. He killed the plan to put the SO on Intel and instead he would license other companies to produce MAC clones. He focused on international growth I. E china. Spindlier business model also focused on the fact that the new operating model would save the company. Like Sculls, Spindled had to slash costs but Apple still had problems.In first quarter of 1996, apple reported $69 million in losses and more layoffs and Spindled was replaced. Amelia years, 1996 – 19971 ND a high pricing / differentiation strategy and slash payroll. Amelia wanted to turn apple back to its premium price differentiation strategy. He cancelled the next generation Mac SO, which had already cost $mom in R&D. Instead apple would acquire Next along with Steve Jobs. Amelia brought NeXT and brought Jobs as an advisor. Apple still suffered financially and Amelia was forced out. Steve Jobs became the temporary CEO. 997- Steve Jobs era: Steve Jobs re-joined the company in 1996 after Apple acquired NeXT. He made several drastic changes; investment into Apple, a commitment to develop core reduces, ended the Mac licensing program while buying the assets of the leading clone maker, consolidated the product ranges, and launched the Apple website to sell products directly. Jobs' business model turned the company around. He agreed that Microsoft would invest in core products for MAC ii office. Also he rationalized product range from 15 to 3, research projects by 70% and reduced staffing and outsourcing.Comment on what you learn about business model and business model change from this case. When evaluating Apple's business model, it's useful to think in terms of the pre-1996 era and the post-1996 era. Apple has always been and continues to be a manufacturer of computers and electronics with a focus on complete hardware and software integration. Prior to 1996, the company focused almost exclusively on personal computers in the Macintosh line, with the occasional foray into innovative produ cts like the Newton.When Steve Jobs re-joined the company in 1996, that mission evolved beyond personal computing into products like the pod, phone, and pad. Apple is positioned well for the future, and it's not a company that's willing to settle for current success. Unafraid of centralization, the company continues to churn out Phones that make the pod look like a hobby, as well as the pad Mini that unashamedly steals market share from its big brother. Notoriously secret, the company reveals little about the product pipeline, but it's believed that Steve Jobs has left a product roadman for more than a decade.How do other theories of strategy such as capability theory fit with this story? Apple was unable to maintain any strategy over this period since every CEO inconsistently changed the business model and strategy of Apple. Apple's most important resources and capabilities are Steve Jobs, and the integrated system of hardware and software hat the firm has developed and successfull y marketed to derive value. Steve brought Apple back to tremendous success following a decline in relevance and heads the continued creation of billions of dollars of value.While Apple's designers, programmers, and engineers each represent key resources, the ability of the firm to exploit their abilities to create their entire software/hardware ecosystem is the firm's Apple Stores – Retail Locations The introduction of Apple stores has provided the company with an important physical presence to act as both a sales location and an advertisement. Apple tops any retailers in in-store sales, generating $4,032 per retail square foot per year, beating other retailers like Tiffany & Co. At $2,666 and Best Buy at only $930.Relationship with Moms Apple has outsourced all of its manufacturing processes to MEMO partners in China, like Foxing and Hon.. Ha Precision Industry while focusing on design internally. The relationships between Apple and their MEMO partners are very close to prov ide Apple with excellent service and high quality products. Industrial Design Capability Apple's incredible industrial design capability is a function of their innovative design names, led by Jonathan Eve, senior vice president of industrial design, and the firm's parameterization of design and outsourced production.Talented Software Development Teams Apple's software developers are carefully selected and talented programmers. They've produced industry award winning software and the highly regarded iterations of Macintosh SOX operating system. Tailored Hardware/Software Systems One of Apple's most important capabilities is their ability to develop and build highly integrative systems with software designed specifically for the hardware it runs on. Apple Case Study A. The PC industry is much older than the MP3 player industry. As it is an older market, its structure is also more consolidated with only a few builders accounting for the majority of the market. On the other hand, the first MP3 players only surfaced less than ten years ago. While Apple’s Ipod may dominate the market, there are much more MP3 player manufacturers compared to PC manufacturers.Another difference between the two industries is that PCs tend to be commodity products as opposed to MP3 players which are seen as lifestyle or luxury products. This means that PCs for the most part are considered disposable items, especially to bulk buyers like firms or educational institutions. As such, value for money is a premium for PC manufacturers and the trend for the industry is to have better products per new generation at a lower price.Compare this to MP3 players which are for the most part used for personal entertainment. The popularity of the Ipod has cemented the MP3 player as a fashion accessory in addition to a consumer electronics product. Consumers also tend to be more concerned with the form of their MP3 players as opposed to the form of their PCs.Both industries are also experiencing the trend of convergence with PCs having more and more features oriented towards entertainment and MP3 players having more features geared for productivity. Additionally, the cellphone is also encroaching on both products. Smartphones are slowly gaining more PDA and laptop like features. These same devices are also starting to gain more and more entertainment features with newer models coming equipped with the ability to snap pictures and play music.B. Apple products have always been known for its innovation, ease of use and high price. One could say that while PCs in general are a commodity product, Apple computers are marketed like luxury items. Apple computers look better than the competition, are easier to use than the competition, and cost more than the competit ion. As opposed to its PC competitors who used different strategies to be able to offer the lowest prices possible, Apple’s offerings have always been about function and form first, cost second.Apple’s initial foray into the MP3 market touted ease of use as its main strategy. The Ipod featured a thumbwheel that simplified the access of thousands of songs stored in the player. The Ipod’s ease of use was essential to its adoption by newcomers who were unfamiliar to MP3. Secondly, ITunes was very innovative in the way that it simplified the process of legally obtaining music over the internet.Apple made possible a new distribution method for music through ITunes wherein the customer can access exactly the tracks he wants, anywhere in the world and the music is delivered directly to him. Lastly, the success of the Ipod has allowed Apple to leverage its brand strength as a key strategy for the Ipod. Apple successfully marketed the Ipod as a lifestyle accessory and a successful marketing campaign has made an Ipod (not an MP3 player, an Ipod) a must have.C. One key strength for Apple has been its brand. Successful products in the past have infused the Apple Brand with the values of ease of use, innovation and style. This is best seen through the cult of Apple fanaticism with Apple devotees preaching the values of Apple products to their peers. Like whole foods, the Apple brand has formed its own following that serves to promote the values of Apple products.While marketing strength may be a great strength of Apple, their culture of innovation allows them to maintain a lead over their competitors in terms of ease of use and new features. The key to Apple’s innovation is their focus on satisfying the needs and uses of the customer as opposed to simply cramming their products full of gadgetry.This is best seen during the years before Apple switched to Intel processors. While relegated to using the antiquated PowerPC processor from Motorola, Ap ple was able to maintain interest in their computers by innovating on the software side, coming out with the much acclaimed OS X operating system and its succeeding incarnations.Apple PCs have also been known to be better in design related applications. Macintosh computers are seen by many to be better suited for creative applications such as image processing, music creation and video editing. Apple itself has invested heavily in these areas with their free, pre-installed versions of these types of programs being far better than the offerings of their competitors.Lastly, Apple’s policy of being tight with its technology has allowed it to keep a high level of control over products associated with Apple products. Unlike other PC manufacturers whose technology is available to all OEMs, Apple technology is shut out to third party manufacturers. For the most part, Apple controls who makes Apple peripherals.While this limits the expansion of Apple and keeps the cost of its peripher als high, it has allowed Apple to maintain a high level of quality for its peripherals and its own products as their computers are less likely to crash due to shoddy third party products.

Statistical Significance and Homemade Shampoo

A Study on Gugo and Okra as Homemade Shampoo A Research Done by: Francine Faye A. Jumaquio Majaline Faye A. Tolentino Romer T. Nepumoceno Talavera National High School Talavera Nueva Ecija A Study on Gugo and Okra as a Homemade Shampoo Claudine M. Lajara I-Rosal Introduction This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a homemade shampoo out of the native Gugo, scientific name Entada phaseuoliodes and Okra, scientific name Abelomoschus Esculentus L. in making different type of hair stronger. Four phases were done: Phase 1, the control treatment; Phase 2, homemade shampoo compared to control treatment; Phase 3, homemade shampoo compared to varied concentration of gugo and okra; and Phase 4, where the acceptability of the homemade shampoo was determine in terms of smoothness, softness, and manageability. Statement of the Problem: Specifically, the researchers aimed to answer the following questions: 1. Can gugo and okra be used as raw material in making shampoo? 2. How effective are gugo and okra on the tensile strength of the hair? 3. Which treatment is more effective – treatments with greater concentration of okra han gugo or more gugo than okra? Procedure A. Preparation of Materials About 10,000 hair strands were gathered from four respondents having different types of hair, (normal, and dry, ethnic, curly). In each type of hair, 2020 strands were used: 240 strands for water, okra, 10 percent gugo, and 100 percent gugo; 240 strands for seven brands of shampoo; 12 0 strands for gugo and okra; and 600 strands for 10 treatments with varied concentration of okra and gugo. Five hundred grams of gugo bark were boiled in 70 ml of water for 30 minutes, and strained to extract the juice. The decoction was placed in a clean bottle. To prepare okra decoction, 200 grams of okra fruits were boiled in 200 ml tap water for10 minutes. The cooked okra was masked for extraction and decoction was strained for the preparation of solution. The homemade shampoo was prepared from 50 ml gugo decoction and 50 ml okra decoction. A 58ml coconut oil was added to the mixture and placed in an earthen pot. It was heated for 5 minutes and placed in a clean bottle. The homemade shampoo was then prepared into two setups: setup A and setup B. The treatment involves four type of hair (normal, dry, ethnic, curly). Setup A Treatment |Gugo (ml) |Okra (ml) | |1 |50 |50 | |2 |40 |60 | |3 |30 |70 | |4 |20 |80 | |5 |10 |90 | Setup B Treatment |Gugo (ml) |Okra (ml) | |1 |50 |50 | |2 |60 |40 | |3 |70 |30 | |4 |80 |20 | |5 |90 |10 | B. Soaking Process and Determination of the Hair Strength In phase 1, four treatments were prepared: †¢ Treatment 1: water, †¢ Treatment 2: Okra , †¢ Treatment 3: 10 percent gugo, †¢ Treatment 4: 100 percent gugo. These are the control treatments. Six bowls were prepared and labeled as 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 minute, respectively. Sixty strands of normal hair were used and divided into 10 strands. The hair strands were simultaneously soaked in the respective bowls with 100 ml tap water and were removed when the time allotted for each bowl had elapsed. Then they were rinsed separately. They were placed in clean sheets of paper labeled according to the length of time they were soaked, (such as T1- water: 5 minutes; T2 – water: 10 minutes; and so on). The bowl used from the first treatment was washed thoroughly and were used again for the other treatments. The process was repeated for treatments 2, 3, 4. To determine the strength of the hair strands, a spring scale was used and five trials were done. From the 10 strands of normal hair, 5 strands from Treatment were tested. The hair strands were tied up to the spring scale at one end. A 15 cm length of the hair strands were maintained between the spring scale and the weight. The weight was pull until the hair snaps. The amount of force in Newton (I Newton = 100 grams) registered on the spring scale prior to the breaking of the hair was recorded and the average result from the five trial was computed. The process was repeated for treatments 2, 3, 4. Also the same process was done for ethnic, dry, and curly hair. In the second phase, 480 strands from four hair types were used. Out 480 strands, 120 strands of the hair were prepared for trial 1 and trial 2, using the homemade shampoo (gugo and okra). The same procedure ion phase 1 was done for these treatments. In the third phase, 2,400 strands of hair were prepared from the four types of hair. Out of 2,400 strands, 1,200 strands were used in setup A and another 1,200 in set up B. Each set up has 5 treatments and 60 hair strands were divided into ten, and each 10 were soaked separately in six bowls labeled 5, 10, 15, 22, 25, and 3 minutes, respectively. The same procedure from the previous phases was done to determine the hair strength. In the 4th phase, 20 female respondents, who had normal and dry hair were asked to apply Treatment 1 in setup A: 10 percent gugo + 90 percent okra. Most of their hairs were equal in length. The respondents treated their hair one by one. They wet their hair first and 20ml of this treatment was applied to the entire crown and was massaged on the scalp. After 1 min. , the hair was rinsed thoroughly with tap water. A clean towel was used to dry and comb their hair slowly. After 1 hour, the effect on the hair was observed using 1 to 4 scales. The following scales were used: |A. Softness |B. Smoothness |C. Manageability | |1 – slightly soft |1 – slightly smooth |1 – slightly manageable | |2 – fairly soft |2 – fairly smooth |2 – fairly manageable | |3 – soft |3 – smooth |3 – manageable | |4 – very soft |4 – very smooth |4 – very manageable | After having applied and observed the effects of treatment 1; treatments with 90% gugo + 10 % okra were used by the same respondents with the same procedure as of Set up A. Results, Discussion and Conclusion Phase 1: Significant comparison on the hair strength among the control treatments: There was no significant difference on the hair strength, considering the different types of hair. However, the longer the longer the time each type of hair was soaked, the greater the hair strength. Among the four treatments in this phase, the hair strength when soaked in 10 %gugo, were the strongest while water was the weakest. Phase 2: Significant comparison between homemade shampoo and control treatment: Normal hair was significantly strongest compared to curly, dry and ethnic. Among the control treatment, hair strength was the strongest when soaked in treatment three: 10% gugo. Treatment 1: water was registered the weakest. It was also observed that as the soaking time increased, the hair strength also increased. Phase 3: Significant comparison among homemade shampoo, control treatment, Setup A and Setup B: Normal hair was significantly stronger, curly hair was the weakest, while dry and ethnic hair were almost comparable to each other. 10% gugo registered the strongest hair strength, followed by okra, then okra and gugo. Together, these three treatments were significantly different from all other treatment. The longer the soaking time, the stronger the hair strength. Phase 4: Acceptability of treatments. For normal hair, the two treatments showed no significant differences in terms of smoothness, softness and manageability. The 90% gugo+ 10%okra treatment was fairly manageable and the 10% gugo + 90% okra treatment was manageable. For dry hair, the two treatments showed no significant difference in terms of smoothness, softness. But there was a significant difference of manageability at 0. 5 probability level. Recommendations Based on the findings, the researcher recommends the following: 1. Use okra as raw material for making shampoo; 2. Further study of the properties of the homemade shampoo to establish the effect on hair; 3. Follow-up research must be conducted on the acceptability for other types of hair; 4. This research would provide information to those who are interested in the production of this product. Bibliography Jumaquio, Francine Faye A. , et. al. , â€Å"A Feasibility Study of Gugo and Okra as Homemade Shampoo†.

Donor Donations And The Pros Of Being Compensated With...

Abstract For the past few weeks of class, our focus was to be on the topic of organ donation. More specifically if we feel that donors should be compensated with money for their donation. Through the discussions and arguments from classmates, I have found there to be many different takes on this subject, some with which I agree and others disagree. While all arguments will lead to disagreements on some level, I have found a chance to explain why I disagree with their disagreements, while still holding strong to my belief. We learned in class that every great argument presents with the main argument and sub-arguments or premises that thoroughly elaborate on the main argument in greater detail. My goal is to enhance and enlighten your†¦show more content†¦Secondly, the donor would be the only person not benefiting from the donation, so it only seems morally right to give back. The hospital staff are getting paid for their work and the individual receiving the organ may n ot be getting paid with money, but instead are receiving a very special gift. Third, the increase of organ donations due to a money incentive could potentially make donations safer by driving the Black Market to extinction. The Black Market would no longer be needed if more people are being taken off the wait list because of the increased influx of organ donations. While reiterated many times, I feel it is important to clearly convey my argument with the three premises that follow. Organ donors should be paid for their donations because it can reduce the shortage of organs, which in turn could save lives; they are doing an incredible thing for someone else, so it seems morally just; it could drive the Black Market to extinction, making donations much safer. This brings about an important word: altruism. By definition from Merriam Webster Dictionary, altruism is defined as â€Å"†¦feelings and behaviors that show a desire to help other people and a lack of selfishness† (2015). To me, individuals that donate their organs for another human beings prosperity can be defined as being altruistic. The shortage of organs is the biggest issue our country faces when it comes to their