Food Stamps to SNAP Essay - 1030 Words

Food Stamp is a government-funded program in the United States. This is a program that helps people buy food for their families; in other words, it is a very important program to families living in poverty. It is the nation’s most important program in the fight against hunger. This program was developed in the 1960’s; it is made to improve the nutrition level and food purchasing power of people with low-income. This program is offered to people who cannot afford to buy groceries for their families, regardless of age, color, sex or religion. Food Stamps can only be used to buy food items not hygiene or household items, and it’s offered only on a monthly basis. Today SNAP is the new name of the federal Food Stamp Program. â€Å"SNAP stands for†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Florida Food Stamp Program† cited that, â€Å"Food Stamp recipients are able to purchase their food by using an Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) card. This card may be used at any store authorized by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)† (Program Description). â€Å"The program gives up to $200 a month in food stamp benefits (called an allotment) to a person who lives by himself and has essentially no income. Households with more than one person get less for each person because of economies of scale. For example, a 4-person household could get up to $668 a month† (supplemental nutrition2011). Eligibility Although the Food Stamp Program is universal and selective, it is a great program to help the poor. Patti Landers (2007) stated: to be qualified for Food Stamps, â€Å"households [members] must have gross and net incomes below 130% and 100% of the poverty threshold, respectively† (p. 1946). Another study from the Florida Food Stamp Program also stated that â€Å"Family groups must have income and assets below the program standards, which includes meeting the poverty guideline of the federal government† (Program Description). It also says that family must cooperate with Child Support Enforcement agencies and food stamp participants must be a citizen of the United States or a holder of a registration alien card and they must be a resident of theShow MoreRelatedSupplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( Snap ) Formerly Known As The Food Stamp Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesNutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) formerly known as the Food Stamp Program was created in 1964 by President Johnson. In order to get rid of the stigma that the name had, a law was passed changing its name to SNAP in late 20008. The purpose of the program is to help low income individuals and families by providing economic benefits to communities. SNAP is considered to be one of the largest program in domestic hunger safety net. Another popular program is the Community Food Projects (CFP) competitiveRead MoreThe United States Food Stamp Program1708 Words   |  7 Pages8 slices of store-made angel food cake (â€Å"ShopRite of Poughkeepsie Weekly Ad Week of April 20 through April 26†). Can you survive on that for a week? The average single able bodied, unemployed Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) recipient in New York receives around $30 a week to purchase food (â€Å"Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program†). The food stamp program was made national by the Food Stamp Act of 1964 by President Lyndon. B. Johnson (â€Å"Food Stamps in the U.S†). Today, over 47Read MoreA Single Mother Of Four Essay1603 Words   |  7 Pages she was finding it hard to provide food for the kids so she decided to apply for The Supplemental Nutritional Program(SNAP), formerly known as food stamps. This is a federal program that provides benefits you can use to buy food to supplement your grocery budget. However, she was declined the privilege of obtaining it because she was told her income is above the poverty line and is not qualified for such program. Every year hundreds of people are granted SNAP under false pretenses, they lie andRead MoreSupplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( Snap )1668 Words   |  7 Pageslive without enough quantity of food consumption while others survive on food with poor nutritional levels (Drago Goody, 2010). Almost 50 percent of overall food stamp recipients are children, and over 80 percent of the overall benefits are allocated to vulnerable families including the disabled, the elderly, or children. However, considering the current economic environment characterized by increasing food prices, low wages, and lack of jobs, the importance of food assistance initiative continueRead MoreThe Food Stamp Program And The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program1161 Words   |  5 PagesFormerly known as the Food Stamp Program (FSP), T he Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the largest federal nutrition-assistance program and exists to protect low-income Americans from hunger and its associated consequences by increasing access to food. Approximately 44 million people received SNAP benefits this year as of August of 2016.1 Due to the fact that low-income Americans tend to have problems with obesity and poor diet2,3, it would make sense that there would be interestRead MoreThe s Policy Analysis Model1328 Words   |  6 Pagesamong its goals to increase food security and reduce hunger by increasing access to food, a healthful diet, and nutrition education for low-income Americans. (Caswell, 2003) Now that the program has been around for many years we need to ask ourselves how effective it is. Does it really help the people it is targeted to help? Is the mission of the policy being carried out? This case study will go in depth and look at the Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP) to an alyze its effectivenessRead MoreSupplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesNutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Through this program, 47 million Americans are given federal financial aid to purchase fresh groceries (Plumer). One of the highly debated provisions of the SNAP program is what participants should be allowed to use their food stamps for. As of right now, food stamps can only be used to purchase food that can be cooked or eaten at home, preventing families from spending the federal aid at restaurants (USDA). Recently, the fast food corporation YUM!, which ownsRead MoreThe Welfare Program Must Be Expanded Without Misappropriation Of Funds1417 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States does not spend too much on the food stamp (SNAP program) and no one deserves to go hungry. Every year during budget talks the welfare program is a featured topic as the government explores ways to cut the budget. There appears to be a lot of unnecessary spending due to abuse of the system and program administration complexity. There are many areas in which reforms could be instituted and the program could be expanded without misappropriation of funds. There should be greater oversightRead MoreFood Stamps, And There Importance Within Society. Food1047 Words   |  5 Pages Food stamps, and there importance within society Food stamps or other words known as Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, or SNAP play a critical part in today’s society. More than 46 million American’s rely on food stamps to get through their everyday life. This program kept 4.9 million people out of poverty in 2012 not to mention the over 2 million kids. Food stamps are a voucher from the government for those on low income, exchangeable for food. Many families that haveRead MoreHas your Welfare Benefits Been Shut Down?784 Words   |  3 PagesHas your welfare benefits been shut down? Food stamps are a stimulus to people who are unemployed and homeless. It’s also a way for people who are working part time making low wages to receive additional assistance from the government. Hardships like this affect our communities with low income or no income. The city of Atlanta, for instance, is rapidly growing. The United States Census Bureau says, â€Å"19.2% of Georgians are in poverty today.† Increased f rom last year, although there are many factors

English Coursework

English Coursework-Wider Reading Essay Like most detective stories Silver blaze written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Lucky Penny written by Linda Barnes are very alike. They both include a mystery that needs to be solved.  In Silver blaze the crime/mystery is the murder of John Straker and the theft of the prize wining horse, Silver blaze. The character to solve this mystery is detective Sherlock Holmes. His methods appear extraordinary to outsiders but to Sherlock Holmes himself they are very simple. In Lucky Penny the crime/mystery is the murder of Jennifer Thayler and the disappearance/theft of a roman coin. Charlotta solves the mystery. Her methods are to sort the fact from fiction straight away: first I ruled out all the women Then I considered my regulars She also does a lot of digging for clues. Charlotta was an ex police officer, but now she drives her own taxi: Charlottas cab In the story she is most definitely the detective. Both of the stories have incompetent police, Sherlock Holmes describes Inspector Gregory as: Were he but gifted with imagination. And Charlotta says: Im gonna take the money the city pays you to be unimaginative Both detectives feel that if the police had more imagination they may be better at their jobs.  DR. Watson, Holmes sidekick as so to speak, is deliberately slow: I have not observed the quarter- mile posts But the telegraph posts upon this line are sixty yards apart, and the calculation is a simple one to show up the detectives brilliance. In Lucky Penny we see evidence of this happening: I wanted to see if Mooney picked up on it, but he didnt Cute questioning is a thing we see often in detective stories, gaining information without people realizing. Sherlock Holmes uses it well, he asks Mrs. Straker: You wore a costume of dove coloured silk with ostrich feather trimming to see if she was the female wearing that dress. This occurs in Lucky Penny too, Charlotta telephones Gloria to find out if her cab (59 Chevy) was specifically asked for: Was I popular at one thirty five this morning? In Silver blaze and Lucky Penny the two detectives both find tiny clues, Holmes finds a wax vesta (match): It was a wax vesta which every body else failed to spot and Charlotta finds a box of lucky charms belonging to Marcia Heidegger: A Tupperware container full of superstious junk, good luck charms mostly These clues prove very important in solving the mystery.  As we get into the stories the detectives form a theory then test it, Sherlock Holmes first theory is: The net is drawn pretty close round Fitzroy Simpson but these theories are wrong and the detectives know it. Charlottas theory is: It was a training session At the end of Lucky Penny and Silver blaze there is a dramatic revelation to reveal the culprit and nature of the crime. In Silver blaze Sherlock Holmes reveals this information to the colonel: Yes, the horse And it may lessen his guilt if I say that it was done in self defence In Lucky Penny the dramatic revelation is set in the police station. Charlotta says: She used to keep it in her purse, see

Synopsis of Tally’s Corner Essay Example

Synopsis of Tally’s Corner Essay 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tally’s Corner is the sociological interpretation of the culture of negro street-corner men.   Elliot Liebow sets out to show the hypocrisies that lead black men to this circumstance.   The study is carried out in Washington D.C.   The key argument posed by Liebow is that black males are incapable of attaining jobs because they lack education.   He also argues that this is a cycle that inevitably results in a trans-generational marginalization of the black race.   On top of this, he argues that the white middle class are unrelenting with their methods of depriving black advancement in American society.   Knowledge of this incites many blacks to take dead-end jobs, or to settle for mediocrity in the face of adversity.   A large number of black males in America find themselves forced to take jobs that offer no security, or socioeconomic growth.   He also argues that many blacks are not very literate and therefore left behind in cultural revolutions like the information age.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main thesis of Liebow’s argument is that black men lack self fulfillment. Liebow’s conclusion is that men can only find self-fulfillment as family providers. He credits their diversion from mainstream society to many different aspects, the fear of failure, the contentment with mediocrity, and the fear that loved one’s will abandon them.   This is a very depressing and pessimistic view, considering that the family structure is more prevalently a support system in most cultures.   Liebow tributes this difference in family ideals to the conflicted relationship between black men and women.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are aspects of Liebow’s findings that prove to be disparaging.   For example, he talks about the work experience of some of these underprivileged black men in remedial jobs.   He points out that many of their employers anticipate that they will steal from the company and in response to this they decrease their wages to the predicted amount that they think will be stolen.   When Liebow mentions this, he presents very little evidence to prove its validity, and he even hypothetically theorizes why the method inevitably won’t work.   He argues that the relationship between the employer and the employee whom he knowingly allows to steal from him can only last for as long as the employer can tolerate being stole from.   He says that since this is something that isn’t easily tolerable, even if it is accounted for in the company budget, the employer will only allow himself to be taken advantage of for so long (Liebow, pg25).   He further identifies this relationship as one of the key examples of devious unrelenting behavior towards blacks.   He does this with his example of Tonk, who is an employee stealing from a dead-end job.Were he to have caught Tonk in the act of stealing, he would, of course, hav e fired him from the job and perhaps called the police as well.   Thus†¦ all the elements of entrapment are present.   The employer knowingly provides the conditions which entice (force) the employee to steal the unpaid value of his labor, but at the same time he punishes him for theft if he catches him doing so. (Liebow, 1967)Here Liebow shows the hypocritical circumstance of the employment industry for the street corner black.   It is insightful but lacks some relevance today.   Low income low security jobs, like McDonalds, Walmart, Pizza Hut etc†¦ whether they account for employees stealing their products or not, they already pay their employees at the lowest possible incomes and they buy their products in bulk and sell them for extremely more than their initial value.   On top of this, there are so many blacks, 3-5 times as many as their were when Liebow wrote this book, who are eager to find employment.   The result has become low income positions for blac ks where stealing is tolerated lesser than it was in the 60’s.   Never the less the main argument that reigns true about these positions to date is that they still don’t provide enough income for black men to take care of their families, let alone themselves.I generally agree with Liebow’s argument.   At times it appears to be a bit negative and pessimistic.   His findings are presented as a rule of thumb, to which blacks who prove to be well off are just the exception to the rule.   This leaves no room for improvement.   One aspect of Liebow’s argument that stood out to me specifically was his interpretation of Tonk’s plight.   In Tonk’s scenario, he argues that Tonk would not work for fear that his wife would cheat on him (Liebow, 1967).   Here it becomes obvious that there are deeper ideological conflicts preventing black males from seeking employment other than just education, or opportunity.   Liebow further emphasizes t his when he says,the man-job relationship is a tenuous one. At any given moment, a job may occupy a relatively low position on the streetcorner scale of real values.   Getting a job may be subordinated to relations with women or to other non-job considerations; the commitment to a job one already has is frequently shallow and tentative.(Liebow, 1967)Though this may be true of some blacks I feel this argument feeds into a black stereotype of the lazy black horny black male.   My interpretation of this statement by Liebow is that he argues all black men who reside in predominantly urban areas would rather have sex than ensure they have food to eat.4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I would recommend this book to others based on its cultural significance within America.   Even the bias standpoint of Liebow, which is often very pessimistic in the pursuit of being brutally honest, can be taken as a historically viable account of the socioeconomic conditions of blacks in the 1970â⠂¬â„¢s.   It should still be noted that Liebow’s findings are the product of the social conditions of America before the full influence of affirmative action.   Though the street corner man still exists, his presence is vastly being opposed by well off blacks.   In fact, it could be argued that the role of the street corner man taken over by introduction of the Mexican immigrant into society, as can be seen from the Census Bureau statistics.Race/EthnicityMedian Family Income PercentageWhite$59,404African American$34,204All$50,891Race/EthnicityPoverty Unemployment RateMore Years Of educationWhite9.7%4.4%African American22.1%10.1%All11.3%7.1%Race/EthnicityMedian Family Income In PercentageMore Years Of educationAsian$60,8252.7%Hispanic$30,0508.2%Native American$31,06416.4%Race/EthnicityPoverty Unemployment RateAsian10.9%Hispanic21.2%Native American27.1%(United States Census Bureau, 2005)Here it is obvious that there is a major discrepancy between the races pertaining to i ncome, but this difference is a major improvement compared to the complex Liebow refers to in his book.   Though, his position could be viewed as the core source of these estimates.In sum, Tally’s Corner has had a dramatic effect on American culture.   Its influence can be seen most prevalently in many of the stereotypes people hold pertaining to black people today.   Not every black male is a street corner man, and this book was written before many accomplishments by the Civil Rights movement had truly made their effect. Though, Liebow’s arguments serves as good explanations for the reason why blacks are in their current socioeconomic state in America, I feel his arguments are somewhat outdated.

Archaeology Is a Great Research Paper Option

Archaeology Is a Great Research Paper Option Lets face itone of the toughest jobs of the student is to find a research paper topic, especially if your professor has assigned you a term paper with an open-ended subject. May I recommend archaeology as a starting point? People generally think of archaeology as simply a set of methods: Have trowel, will travel is the theme song for many an archaeological field worker. But in fact, the results of two hundred years of fieldwork and laboratory research means that archaeology is the study of a million years of human behavior, and as such it intersects evolution, anthropology, history, geology, geography, politics, and sociology. And thats just a start. In fact, archaeologys breadth is why I was drawn to the study in the first place. You can just about study anythingeven molecular physics or computer scienceand still be a working archaeologist. After more than fifteen years running this website, Ive built a number of places which you can use as a jumping off point to a fascinating paper, whether you are studying in the field of archaeology or outside of it. And with any luck, you can have fun doing it. I have organized the resources for this website using a broad areal coverage of world history, and in the meantime Ive developed a handful of encyclopedic directories that will help you in your search for the perfect paper topic. In each pocket youll find tidbits about ancient cultures and their archaeological sites compiled from provided references and other suggestions for further research. Somebody should benefit from my particular brand of lunacy! The History of Humans on Planet Earth The History of Humanity includes information on archaeological studies beginning with the very first stone tools of our human ancestors in the Stone Age of 2.5 million years ago, ends with medieval societies about 1500 AD and includes everything in between. Here youll find information on our human ancestors (2.5 million-20,000 years ago), as well as hunter-gatherers (20,000-12,000 years ago), first farming societies (12,000-5,000 years ago), early civilizations (3000-1500 BC), ancient empires (1500-0 BC), developing states (AD 0-1000) and the medieval period (1000-1500 AD). Ancient Civilizations Dont miss my collection of Ancient Civilizations, which brings together resources and ideas on Egypt, Greece, Persia, the Near East, the Incan and Aztec Empires, the Khmer, Indus and Islamic Civilizations, the Roman Empire, the Vikings and the Moche and the Minoans and others too many to mention. Domestication Histories Food naturally fascinates all of us: and more to the point, archaeology is the main source of information about how the domestication of the animals and plants that make up our meals came about. Over the last couple of decades, with the addition of genetic studies, what weve understood about the timing and process of animal and plant domestication has changed greatly. I recommend that you can get a taste of what science has learned about when and how we domesticated cattle, cats and camels, or chickpeas, chiles and chenopodium, can be found linked from the Tables of Animal Domestication and Plant Domestication, and the scientific literature I used to write those articles can serve as starting points for a possible paper. The World Atlas of Archaeology Want to study a particular continent or region? The World Atlas of Archaeology is a great place to kick off your investigations: it is an atlas of archaeological sites and cultures in the world sorted by modern geographic continent and political country boundaries.   The Ancient Daily Life pages includes links to archaeological investigations of roads and writing, battle sites and ancient houses, prehistoric tools and climate change. Scientist Biographies Interested in writing a biography of a famous archaeologist? Then the Biographies in Archaeology should be the starting place for you. There are nearly 500 biographical sketches listed in the Biographies pocket so far. In there youll also find a Women in Archaeology section. I segregated the women out for my own nefarious purposes, and you might as well take advantage of it. A Vast Glossary of Ideas Another resource for piquing your interest is the Archaeology Dictionary, which includes over 1,600 entries of cultures, archaeological sites, theories and other tidbits of archaeological information. I recommend that you simply pick a letter at random and scroll down through the entries. Some of the entries are full-fledged articles; others are short definitions, covering nearly twenty years of my exploration in archaeology, and I bet anything that something will pique your interest. Once youve chosen your topic, you can begin searching for information on which to write your essay. Good luck! More Tips for Writing Research Papers How to Conduct Background Research for a PaperTop Steps to Writing a Research Paper

J.J. Thomson Atomic Theory and Biography

J.J. Thomson Atomic Theory and Biography Sir Joseph John Thomson or J.J. Thomson is best known as the man who discovered the electron. J.J. Thomson Biographical Data Tomson was born December 18, 1856, Cheetham Hill, near Manchester, England. He died  August 30, 1940, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England. Thomson is buried in Westminster Abbey, near Sir Isaac Newton. J.J. Thomson is credited with the discovery of the electron, the negatively-charged particle in the atom. He is known for the Thomson atomic theory. Many scientists studied the electric discharge of a  cathode ray tube. It was Thomsons interpretation that was important. He took the deflection of the rays by the magnets and charged plates as evidence of bodies much smaller than atoms. Thomson calculated these bodies had a large charge to mass ratio and he estimated the value of the charge itself. In 1904, Thomson proposed a model of the atom as a sphere of positive matter with electrons positioned based on electrostatic forces. So, he not only discovered the electron but determined it was a fundamental part of an atom. Notable awards Thomson received include: Nobel Prize in Physics (1906) in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases  Knighted (1908)Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics at Cambridge (1884-1918) Thomson Atomic Theory Thomsons discovery of the electron completely changed the way people viewed atoms. Up until the end of the 19th century, atoms were thought to be tiny solid spheres. In 1903, Thomson proposed a model of the atom consisting of positive and negative charges, present in equal amounts so that an atom would be electrically neutral. He proposed the atom was a sphere, but the positive and negative charges were embedded within it. Thomsons model came to be called the plum pudding model or chocolate chip cookie model. Modern scientists understand atoms consist of a nucleus of positively-charged protons and neutral neutrons, with negatively-charged electrons orbiting the nucleus. Yet, Thomsons model is important because it introduced the notion that an atom consisted of charged particles. Interesting Facts About J.J. Thomson Prior to Thomsons discovery of electrons, scientists believed the atom was the smallest fundamental unit of matter.Thomson called the particle he discovered corpuscles rather than electrons.Thomsons masters work,  Treatise on the motion of vortex rings, provides a mathematical description of William Thomsons vortex theory of atoms. He was awarded the Adams Prize in 1884.Thomson discovered the natural radioactivity of potassium in 1905.In 1906, Thomson demonstrated a hydrogen atom had only a single electron.Thomsons father intended for J.J. to be an engineer, but the family did not have the funds to support the apprenticeship. So, Joseph John attended  Owens College in Manchester, and then Trinity College in Cambridge, where he became a mathematical physicist.  In 1890, Thomson married one of his students, Rose Elisabeth Paget. They had a son and a daughter. The son, Sir George Paget Thomson, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1937.Thomson also investigated the nature of pos itively-charged particles. These experiments led to the development of the mass spectrograph. Thomson was closely aligned with chemists of the time. His atomic theory helped explain atomic bonding and the structure of molecules. Thomson published an important monograph in 1913 urging the use of the mass spectrograph in chemical analysis.Many consider J.J. Thomsons greatest contribution to science to be his role as a teacher. Seven of his research assistants, as well as his own son, went on to win the Nobel Prize in Physics. One of his best-known students was Ernest Rutherford, who succeeded Thomson as Cavendish Professor of Physics.

Business A formal report Law on Pollution Accounting Essay

Business A formal report Law on Pollution Accounting - Essay Example *GEO Year Book 2006. United Nations Environmental Programme. 16 Apr.2006.http://www.unep.org **Poverty Resource. World Resources Institute. 16 Apr.2006. Our minimal awareness and response have produced a number of treaties, protocols, laws and monitoring agencies. But why then the Ozone hole is expanding Why Global-Warming is increasing Why species are, increasingly, afflicted by pollution in it's various forms Let us blame it on business houses and governments. Nature, in it's myriad forms, is exploited ruthlessly for 'materialistic economic benefits'. Society is the ultimate sufferer. How to stop the further decline and start our response more effective and pronounced The answer lies in "Pollution Accounting". This is the way we should make the business houses and government agencies absolutely transparent, responsible and answerable to the common man of the society, in the matters of environment and pollution. 'Pollution Accounting' is as good as financial accounting. It reflects the activities of business in relation to environment and pollution. It records, also, the role of government and it's agencies. The 'Pollution Accounting' reflects 'liabilities' and 'assets', as how a financial accounting does. 'The liabilities' must record how the business activities degraded and polluted the environment. What are all the negative impacts on the society should also be recorded under liabilities. Any legal case, pending or over, in relation to pollution and any ongoing investigation, by government agencies, related to environmental degradation should also be recorded. The data must be provided in 'real' terms and in monetary terms also. 'The assets', in 'Pollution Accounting", must include the internal and external...This is the way we should make the business houses and government agencies absolutely transparent, responsible and answerable to the common man of the society, in the matters of environment and pollution. 'Pollution Accounting' is as good as financial accounting. It reflects the activities of business in relation to environment and pollution. It records, also, the role of government and it's agencies. should also be recorded under liabilities. Any legal case, pending or over, in relation to pollution and any ongoing investigation, by government agencies, related to environmental degradation should also be recorded. The data must be provided 'The assets', in 'Pollution Accounting", must include the internal and external activities of the business aimed at improving the environment and curtailing the pollution. It must reflect the tangible and intangible benefits of the pollution control activities. The asset side should also include any proposal, to be taken up by the business, to improve the environment. The data must be provided in 'real' as well as in monetary terms.

Athens Olympic stadium Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Athens Olympic stadium - Case Study Example The immense size of the project and its particular technical complexity were the causes for long delays; the work was finally completed in time and the new captivating stadium was officially reopened on July 30, 2004 (O.A.K.A. 2005). The Athens Olympic stadium roof in the form of a double bowstring tied arch of 80 m high is considered one of the most ingenious modern architectural and engineering projects. This impressive construction of steel and glass is today one of the city's landmarks. Along with its spectacular and pioneering architectural design, the suspended arched roof construction and erection has been a challenge to engineers and an excellent example of integration of construction engineering and hydraulic expertise (Siriani & Di Silverio 2006). The roof structure is in two halves, each comprising a top arch of a diameter of 3.25 m and a lower torsion tube of a diameter of 3.6 m extending for 304 m over the stadium. The wall thicknesses of the tubes are up to 95 mm. All four tubes merge at their ends and are based on four support steel shoes (19 m x 4 m x 4 m) made from 100 mm thick steel plates. The tubes support wire cables that hold polycarbonate panels of a weigh of 17,000 ton in total. 220 girders cantilever out of the torsion tube supporting the panels, thus forming the roof deck. Finally, the panels are covered by a special coating to reflect 60% of the sunlight. Apart from providing shadow, protecting athletes and spectators against the hot Greek summer sun, the roof served as a carrier for telecommunications and security systems during the Games (Siriani & Di Silverio 2006). The layout of Calatrava's roof can be seen in figure 1. Fig.1. The Athens Olympic stadium layout and dimensions of the roof (redrawn from Siriani & Di Silverio 2006). The roof construction project was contracted to the Italian Costruzioni Cimolai Armando Spa of Pordenone. In detail, the stages of the building process were segment fabrication and pre-assembly, segment shipping to construction site, on-site assembly and erection of the two halves of the roof at a distance from the sports arena and finally assembly pulling (sliding) into position. With the exception of the sliding step that was sub-contracted, all remaining stages were undertaken by Cimolai (Siriani & Di Silverio 2006). A number of difficulties arose during the renovations works that were mainly linked to the immense character of the project and the shortage of available time; these issues required technically advanced, ingenious solutions. All steel fabrication works took place at Cimolai's site in Italy, using a 6000 ton press, one of the largest in Europe. The support shoes and pre-assembled tube segments of up to 15 m in length equipped with cable anchorages, diaphragms and girder connections were constructed there and were subsequently shipped by sea to Athens. Shipping has been a gigantic operation due to the excessive size of the segments of the roof (Siriani & Di Silverio 2006). A second particularity of the project was that roof assembly and erection could not take place at its final position, so as to allow other renovation work in the stadium to proceed during the assembly process. Thus each of the arch structures was put together separately on each side of the concrete stadium, at 70 m far from either side. Roof